UI Merging (continued) Orthogonal to actions some toolkits have the action concept without menu merging). Used to overlay a set of menu/tool items onto another set. and demerge them A tree of menus and toolbars is maintained, with names attached to nodes. Nodes map to actions if action is provided by multiple action groups, top action group wins Menu layouts described by XML files based on Bonobo UI format translatable strings kept out of the XML file